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Introduction
uvw started as a header-only, event based, tiny and easy to use wrapper for libuv written in modern C++.
Now it's finally available also as a compilable static library.
The basic idea is to hide completely the C-ish interface of libuv behind a graceful C++ API. Currently, no uv_*_t data structure is actually exposed by the library.
Note that uvw stays true to the API of libuv and it doesn't add anything to its interface. For the same reasons, users of the library must follow the same rules which are used with libuv.
As an example, a handle should be initialized before any other operation and closed once it is no longer in use.
Code Example
#include <uvw.hpp>
#include <memory>
void listen(uvw::Loop &loop) {
std::shared_ptr<uvw::TCPHandle> tcp = loop.resource<uvw::TCPHandle>();
tcp->once<uvw::ListenEvent>([](const uvw::ListenEvent &, uvw::TCPHandle &srv) {
std::shared_ptr<uvw::TCPHandle> client = srv.loop().resource<uvw::TCPHandle>();
client->on<uvw::CloseEvent>([ptr = srv.shared_from_this()](const uvw::CloseEvent &, uvw::TCPHandle &) { ptr->close(); });
client->on<uvw::EndEvent>([](const uvw::EndEvent &, uvw::TCPHandle &client) { client.close(); });
srv.accept(*client);
client->read();
});
tcp->bind("127.0.0.1", 4242);
tcp->listen();
}
void conn(uvw::Loop &loop) {
auto tcp = loop.resource<uvw::TCPHandle>();
tcp->on<uvw::ErrorEvent>([](const uvw::ErrorEvent &, uvw::TCPHandle &) { /* handle errors */ });
tcp->once<uvw::ConnectEvent>([](const uvw::ConnectEvent &, uvw::TCPHandle &tcp) {
auto dataWrite = std::unique_ptr<char[]>(new char[2]{ 'b', 'c' });
tcp.write(std::move(dataWrite), 2);
tcp.close();
});
tcp->connect(std::string{"127.0.0.1"}, 4242);
}
int main() {
auto loop = uvw::Loop::getDefault();
listen(*loop);
conn(*loop);
loop->run();
}
Motivation
The main reason for which uvw has been written is the fact that there does not exist a valid libuv wrapper in C++. That's all.
Build Instructions
Requirements
To be able to use uvw, users must provide the following system-wide tools:
- A full-featured compiler that supports at least C++17.
libuv(which version depends on the tag ofuvwin use).
The requirements below are mandatory to compile the tests and to extract the documentation:
- CMake version 3.13 or later.
- Doxygen version 1.8 or later.
Note that libuv is part of the dependencies of the project and may be cloned by CMake in some cases (see below for further details).
Because of that, users don't have to install it to run the tests or when uvw libraries are compiled through CMake.
Library
uvw is a dual-mode library. It can be used in its header-only form or as a compiled static library.
The following sections describe what to do in both cases to get uvw up and runningin your own project.
Header-only
To use uvw as a header-only library, all is needed is to include the uvw.hpp header or one of the other uvw/*.hpp files.
It's a matter of adding the following line at the top of a file:
#include <uvw.hpp>
Then pass the proper -I argument to the compiler to add the src directory to the include paths.
Note that users are required to correctly setup the include directories and libraries search paths for libuv in this case.
When used through CMake, the uvw::uvw target is exported for convenience.
Static
To use uvw as a compiled library, set the BUILD_UVW_LIBS options in cmake before including the project.
This option triggers the generation of a targets named uvw::uvw-static. The matching version of libuv is also compiled and exported as uv::uv-static for convenience.
In case you don't use or don't want to use CMake, you can still compile all .cpp files and include all .h files to get the job done. In this case, users are required to correctly setup the include directories and libraries search paths for libuv.
Versioning
Starting with tag v1.12.0 of libuv, uvw follows the semantic versioning scheme.
The problem is that any version of uvw also requires to track explicitly the version of libuv to which it is bound.
Because of that, the latter wil be appended to the version of uvw. As an example:
vU.V.W_libuv-vX.Y
In particular, the following applies:
- U.V.W are major, minor and patch versions of
uvw. - X.Y is the version of
libuvto which to refer (where any patch version is valid).
In other terms, tags will look like this from now on:
v1.0.0_libuv-v1.12
Branch master of uvw will be a work in progress branch that follows branch v1.x of libuv (at least as long as it remains their master branch).
Documentation
The documentation is based on doxygen. To build it:
$ cd build$ cmake ..$ make docs
The API reference will be created in HTML format within the directory build/docs/html.
To navigate it with your favorite browser:
$ cd build$ your_favorite_browser docs/html/index.html
The same version is also available online for the latest release, that is the last stable tag. If you are looking for something more pleasing to the eye, consider reading the nice-looking version available on docsforge: same documentation, much more pleasant to read.
Note
The documentation is mostly inspired by the official libuv API documentation for obvious reasons.
Tests
To compile and run the tests, uvw requires libuv and googletest.
CMake will download and compile both the libraries before compiling anything else.
To build the tests:
$ cd build$ cmake .. -DBUILD_TESTING=ON$ make$ ctest -j4 -R uvw
Omit -R uvw if you also want to test libuv and other dependencies.
Crash Course
Vademecum
There is only one rule when using uvw: always initialize the resources and terminate them.
Resources belong mainly to two families: handles and requests.
Handles represent long-lived objects capable of performing certain operations while active.
Requests represent (typically) short-lived operations performed either over a handle or standalone.
The following sections will explain in short what it means to initialize and terminate these kinds of resources.
For more details, please refer to the online documentation.
Handles
Initialization is usually performed under the hood and can be even passed over, as far as handles are created using the Loop::resource member function.
On the other side, handles keep themselves alive until one explicitly closes them. Because of that, memory usage will grow if users simply forget about a handle.
Therefore the rule quickly becomes always close your handles. It's as simple as calling the close member function on them.
Requests
Usually initializing a request object is not required. Anyway, the recommended way to create a request is still through the Loop::resource member function.
Requests will keep themselves alive as long as they are bound to unfinished underlying activities. This means that users don't have to discard a request explicitly .
Therefore the rule quickly becomes feel free to make a request and forget about it. It's as simple as calling a member function on them.
The Loop and the Resource
The first thing to do to use uvw is to create a loop. In case the default one is enough, it's easy as doing this:
auto loop = uvw::Loop::getDefault();
Note that loop objects don't require being closed explicitly, even if they offer the close member function in case a user wants to do that.
Loops can be started using the run member function. The two calls below are equivalent:
loop->run();
loop->run<uvw::Loop::Mode::DEFAULT>();
Available modes are: DEFAULT, ONCE, NOWAIT. Please refer to the documentation of libuv for further details.
In order to create a resource and to bind it to the given loop, just do the following:
auto tcp = loop->resource<uvw::TCPHandle>();
The line above will create and initialize a tcp handle, then a shared pointer to that resource will be returned.
Users should check if pointers have been correctly initialized: in case of errors, they won't be.
Another way to create a resource is:
auto tcp = TCPHandle::create(loop);
tcp->init();
Pretty annoying indeed. Using a loop is the recommended approach.
The resources also accept arbitrary user-data that won't be touched in any case.
Users can set and get them through the data member function as it follows:
resource->data(std::make_shared<int>(42));
std::shared_ptr<void> data = resource->data();
Resources expect a std::shared_pointer<void> and return it, therefore any kind of data is welcome.
Users can explicitly specify a type other than void when calling the data member function:
std::shared_ptr<int> data = resource->data<int>();
Remember from the previous section that a handle will keep itself alive until one invokes the close member function on it.
To know what are the handles that are still alive and bound to a given loop, there exists the walk member function. It returns handles with their types. Therefore, the use of Overloaded is recommended to be able to intercept all types of interest:
handle.loop().walk(uvw::Overloaded{
[](uvw::TimerHandle &h){ /* application code for timers here */ },
[](auto &&){ /* ignore all other types */ }
});
This function can also be used for a completely generic approach. For example, all the pending handles can be closed easily as it follows:
loop->walk([](auto &&h){ h.close(); });
No need to keep track of them.
The event-based approach
uvw offers an event-based approach, so resources are small event emitters to which listeners can be attached.
Attaching a listener to a resource is the recommended way to be notified about changes.
Listeners must be callable objects of type void(EventType &, ResourceType &), where:
EventTypeis the type of the event for which they have been designed.ResourceTypeis the type of the resource that has originated the event.
It means that the following function types are all valid:
void(EventType &, ResourceType &)void(const EventType &, ResourceType &)void(EventType &, const ResourceType &)void(const EventType &, const ResourceType &)
Please note that there is no need to keep around references to the resources: they will pass themselves as an argument whenever an event is published.
There exist two methods to attach a listener to a resource:
resource.once<EventType>(listener): the listener will be automatically removed after the first event of the given type.resource.on<EventType>(listener): to be used for long-running listeners.
Both of them return an object of type ResourceType::Connection (as an example, TCPHandle::Connection).
A connection object can be used later as an argument to the erase member function of the resource to remove the listener.
There exists also the clear member function to drop all the listeners at once. Note that clear should only be invoked on non-active handles. The handles exploit the same event mechanism made available to users to satisfy pending requests. Invoking clear on an active handle, for example with requests still in progress, risks leading to memory leaks or unexpected behavior.
Almost all the resources emit ErrorEvent in case of errors.
All the other events are specific for the given resource and documented in the API reference.
The code below shows how to create a simple tcp server using uvw:
auto loop = uvw::Loop::getDefault();
auto tcp = loop->resource<uvw::TCPHandle>();
tcp->on<uvw::ErrorEvent>([](const uvw::ErrorEvent &, uvw::TCPHandle &) { /* something went wrong */ });
tcp->on<uvw::ListenEvent>([](const uvw::ListenEvent &, uvw::TCPHandle &srv) {
std::shared_ptr<uvw::TCPHandle> client = srv.loop().resource<uvw::TCPHandle>();
client->once<uvw::EndEvent>([](const uvw::EndEvent &, uvw::TCPHandle &client) { client.close(); });
client->on<uvw::DataEvent>([](const uvw::DataEvent &, uvw::TCPHandle &) { /* data received */ });
srv.accept(*client);
client->read();
});
tcp->bind("127.0.0.1", 4242);
tcp->listen();
Note also that uvw::TCPHandle already supports IPv6 out-of-the-box. The statement above is equivalent to tcp->bind<uvw::IPv4>("127.0.0.1", 4242).
It's sufficient to explicitly specify uvw::IPv6 as the underlying protocol to use it.
The API reference is the recommended documentation for further details about resources and their methods.
Going raw
In case users need to use functionalities not wrapped yet by uvw or if they want to get the underlying data structures as defined by libuv for some other reasons, almost all the classes in uvw give direct access to them.
Please, note that this functions should not be used directly unless users know exactly what they are doing and what are the risks. Going raw is dangerous, mainly because the lifetime management of a loop, a handle or a request is completely controlled by the library and working around it could quickly break things.
That being said, going raw is a matter of using the raw member functions:
auto loop = uvw::Loop::getDefault();
auto tcp = loop->resource<uvw::TCPHandle>();
uv_loop_t *raw = loop->raw();
uv_tcp_t *handle = tcp->raw();
Go the raw way at your own risk, but do not expect any support in case of bugs.
Contributors
If you want to contribute, please send patches as pull requests against the branch master.
Check the contributors list to see who has partecipated so far.
License
Code and documentation Copyright (c) 2016-2021 Michele Caini.
Logo Copyright (c) 2018-2021 Richard Caseres.
Code released under the MIT license. Documentation released under CC BY 4.0.
Logo released under CC BY-SA 4.0.
Support
If you want to support this project, you can offer me an espresso.
If you find that it's not enough, feel free to help me the way you prefer.
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