πŸͺ΄πŸ’§ A Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) soil moisture sensor.

Overview

b-parasite

PCB front and back photo

b-parasite is an open source Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) soil moisture and ambient temperature/humidity sensor.

Features

  • Soil moisture sensor. I wrote about how capacitive soil moisture sensors works on this Twitter thread, based on this great post on wemakethings.net
  • Air temperature and humity sensor using a Sensirion's SHTC3
  • Powered by a common CR2032 coin cell, with a battery life of possibly over a year - see "Battery Life" below
  • Open hardware and open source design

Repository Organization

How It Works

Diagram containing two b-parasites, a bridge & an MQTT broker

b-parasite works by periodically measuring the soil moisture, air temperature/humidity and broadcasting those values via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) advertisement packets. After doing so, the board goes into a sleep mode until it's time for another measurement. The sleep interval is configurable - I often use 10 minutes between readings, which is a good compromise between fresh data and saving battery.

At this point, b-parasite's job is done. We have many possibilities of how to capture its BLE advertisement packet and what to do with the data. What works okay for me is having a BLE-MQTT bridge that listens for these BLE broadcasts, decodes them and ships the sensor values through MQTT messages. The MQTT broker is then responsible for relaying the sensor data to interested parties. This is the topology shown in the diagram above.

A popular choice for a BLE-MQTT bridge is the ESPHome project, which runs on our beloved ESP32 boards. I forked ESPHome into rbaron/esphome and added support for the b_parasite platform. An example project using this fork is defined in this repo, under bridge/ (check out README.md there for more info).

Battery Life

tl;dr: By taking readings 10 minutes apart, the battery should last for over a year.

The main parameters involved in estimating the battery life are:

  • Current consumption (both in operation and during sleep)
  • Duty cycle (how much time it spends in operation vs. sleeping)
  • Battery capacity - this is roughly 230 mAh for CR2032 cells

In the following screenshot, I measured the voltage of a 10 Ohm series resistor during the on-cycle, for a 8dBm transmitting power (the voltage is negative, so it is upside down):

A screenshot of an oscilloscope used to measure current consumption

The short high peaks correspond to when the radio is active, sending broadcasting packets. The average current consumption during this active time is roughly 9mA. Let's round it to 10mA. During off time, I measure a current of less than 3uA.

With these parameters in hand, I put together this spreadsheet in which you can estimate the battery life. For example, for an active time of one second and sleep time of ten minutes, we see a runtime of 488.10 days.

b-parasite stuck into a small plant vase

License

The hardware and associated design files are released under the Creative Commons CC BY-SA 4.0 license. The code is released under the MIT license.

Comments
  • Add Photoresistor

    Add Photoresistor

    This will add a light sensor to the parasite:

    This has been tested to work with JLCPCB manufacturing qoute but not ordered yet for the below reasons.

    1. I don't really know if this design is correct as I'm fairly begginer in electronics (so far my circuits are working but this is another level)
    2. I don't know how to program a compatible code...

    Partially solving https://github.com/rbaron/b-parasite/issues/4

    opened by yuvalabou 44
  • How to program

    How to program

    HI,

    Nice work!!

    I'm looking for guidance on how to program the devices, I have an Atmel ICE that has SWD would that work?

    Are there any cheap programmers that could easily be used?

    opened by volzb 20
  • Feature request of a Zigbee (Zigbee End Device) firmware image for b-parasite

    Feature request of a Zigbee (Zigbee End Device) firmware image for b-parasite

    I like to request an optional Zigbee firmware image for b-parasite which could be used as an alternative to the Bluetooth firmware:

    https://community.home-assistant.io/t/zigbee-flower-sensors-for-soil-moisture-light-temperature-humidity/272803/

    At least the nRF52840 SoC used by Ebyte E73-2G4M08S1C radio module could support Bluetooth, Thread, and Zigbee 3.0 stacks:

    https://csa-iot.org/csa_product/nrf52840-zigbee-3-0-for-nrf-connect-sdk/

    https://www.nordicsemi.com/products/nrf52840

    https://www.ebyte.com/en/product-view-news.aspx?id=445

    Would be great if someone with the skills could build the b-parasite application with Zigbee End Device support for nRF5 SDK.

    https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Development-software/nRF5-SDK-for-Thread-and-Zigbee

    https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Development-software/nRF-Connect-SDK

    feature request 
    opened by Hedda 17
  • programming - low voltage detected at the target

    programming - low voltage detected at the target

    hi,

    I try to flash the firmware with my J-Link Edu. but unfortunately I get following error? As it's the first time flashing with swd, I cannot figure out what the issue is. After a successful compile, it would like to flash the softdevice part and encounter the following error:

    % SDK_ROOT=~/Documents/b-parasite-main/code/nRF5_SDK_17.1.0_ddde560 PLATFORM=E73_2G4M08S1E make flash_softdevice
    Flashing: s140_nrf52_7.2.0_softdevice.hex
    nrfjprog -f nrf52 --program /Users/lorenz/Documents/b-parasite-main/code/nRF5_SDK_17.1.0_ddde560/components/softdevice/s140/hex/s140_nrf52_7.2.0_softdevice.hex --sectorerase
    ERROR: Unable to connect to a debugger.
    ERROR: Low voltage detected at the target. Please make sure the device is
    ERROR: properly supplied.
    NOTE: For additional output, try running again with logging enabled (--log).
    NOTE: Any generated log error messages will be displayed.
    make: *** [flash_softdevice] Error 43
    

    same for just make flash, the Vcc is directly connected to the jlink. no coincell involved. Any ideas? Thx

    opened by SchmidL 15
  • How to solder nRF52

    How to solder nRF52

    Hi,

    I realize it's not really about the b parasite as such, but I've done what's suggested in the doc and ordered the board and controller separately. But I've never had to solder something that doesn't have pins before and after trying, it's insanely hard, I just made a huge mess.

    Any tips, tricks or links to good tutorial on how to assemble this ? Also is there a list of the "pins" (pads ?) actually used, looks like some of them can be ignored but which ones ?

    Thanks !

    opened by Ulrar 12
  • Phototransistor

    Phototransistor

    This PR substitutes the LDR introduced in #6 with a phototransistor. Some advantages:

    • RoHS compliance
    • More compact
    • Relatively linear
    • SMT, so it can be assembled by fabrication houses
    opened by rbaron 12
  • Moisture readings overflow

    Moisture readings overflow

    I haven't dug into this myself yet, but noticed this morning that one of my plants moisture reading "overflowed". When looking at the code, I saw that moisture readings are actually fit to a polynomial and the final values from the equation. Haven't done any debugging yet, so probably not much to go on, but opening the issue as something is clearly miss-behaving. Will follow up as I get time. I'm also not convinced that the moisture reading is right in the first place. It's continuously trending up, yet I haven't added water to the soil since adding the sensor.

    Love this project, thanks a bajillion for open sourcing.

    Screen Shot 2021-05-12 at 11 18 35 AM Screen Shot 2021-05-12 at 11 18 41 AM
    opened by AlexSzlavik 11
  • Introduce an experimental/educactional/exploratory Zigbee firmware sample

    Introduce an experimental/educactional/exploratory Zigbee firmware sample

    This sample is mostly adapted from the zigbee template from the nRF Connect SDK. It's a basic/educational/experimental/exploratory/fun firmware sample for b-parasite.

    Fixes #56.

    Tasks

    • [x] Clusters
      • [x] Temperature
      • [x] Humidity
      • [x] Power config
      • [x] Soil moisture
      • [x] Illuminance
    • [x] Power profile & initial tune
    • [x] Zigbee2MQTT integration
    • [x] Testing with Zigbee2MQTT & Home Assistant
    • [x] Write documentation

    Zigbee firmware sample

    This sample is adapted from the zigbee_template from the nRF Connect SDK.

    Clusters

    These clusters are defined in the sample:

    |Cluster ID|Name| |--------|---| |0x0001|Power Configuration| |0x0400|Illuminance Measurement| |0x0402|Temperature Measurement| |0x0405|Relative Humidity Measurement| |0x0408|Soil Moisture Measurement|

    Pairing Mode

    The sample will first boot and start looking for a Zigbee coordinator - in pairing mode. The onboard LED will be flashing once a second while in this mode. Once a suitable network is found, the LED will briefly flash 3 times and remain off.

    Factory Reset

    Most Zigbee devices provide a physical button to "factory reset" it - causing it to forget its joined network and look for a new one.

    b-parasite has no physical buttons, and the implemented work around is to distinguish between two reset modes:

    Power up mode

    The device enters this mode when it is powered. For example, swapping an old battery or connecting to eternal power. This is the "usual" reset mode, and joined networks will be remembered.

    Reset pin mode

    If the device's RESET pin is briefly grounded, the device will effectively be factory reset. The device will leave its previous network and start looking for a new one.

    Configs

    Available options in Kconfig. Notable options:

    • CONFIG_PRST_ZB_SLEEP_DURATION_SEC: amount of time (in seconds) the device sleeps between reading all sensors and updating its clusters
    • CONFIG_PRST_ZB_PARENT_POLL_INTERVAL_SEC: amount of time (in seconds) the device waits between polling its parent for data

    Zigbee2MQTT & Home Assistant

    This firmware sample has been tested with Zigbee2MQTT, an open source Zigbee bridge that connects seamlessly with Home Assistant.

    The b-parasite.js file in this PR contains a converter that can be installed to Zigbee2MQTT to suppoort this sample. See Support new devices for instructions.

    Here's how it looks in the Zigbee2MQTT addon inside Home Assistant:

    image

    Zigbee Home Automation (ZHA) and Home Assistant

    The firmware sample has also been tested with the ZHA Home Assistant integration. With ZHA, no custom device parser is needed, and all sensor clusters are identified by ZHA out of the box.

    Here is how b-parasite looks after being paired with ZHA:

    image

    Battery Life

    While sleeping, the device consumes around 2 uA: sleeping

    In the active cycle, it averages around 125 uA for 1 second: active

    Building

    Same instructions as in the Wiki.

    Prebuilt binaries

    There's now a zigbee_nrf52840_default.hex automatically built as part of the actions for this branch.

    opened by rbaron 10
  • Zigbee improvements

    Zigbee improvements

    • Fixed battery cluster reporting (bug).
    • Made some configuration properties configurable through Kconfig.
    • Made log level configurable in zigbee and core parasite lib.
    • Split debug build config from production.

    I contributed to a zigbee firmware fork in the past and tried to migrate some concepts / bugfixes I experienced there. I personally really like the idea here, that the core libraries are reused no matter what protocol stack is used. This seems to me the right approach and I am happy to push the zigbee firmware forward.

    In the long run, I believe even more configuration could be centralized. The Zephyr configuration system is quite powerful. Let me know what you think. πŸ˜ƒ

    opened by oleo65 8
  • Visual studio code - FATAL ERROR: Unable to parse input tree

    Visual studio code - FATAL ERROR: Unable to parse input tree

    I'm running into this build error. Help would be appreciated.

    -- west build: generating a build system Including boilerplate (Zephyr base (cached)): C://ncs/v1.7.1/zephyr/cmake/app/boilerplate.cmake -- Application: C://GitHub/b-parasite/code/nrf-connect/samples/ble -- Zephyr version: 2.6.99 (C://ncs/v1.7.1/zephyr), build: v2.6.99-ncs1-1 -- Found west (found suitable version "0.11.1", minimum required is "0.7.1") -- Board: bparasite_nrf52833, Revision: 1.2.0 -- Cache files will be written to: C://ncs/v1.7.1/zephyr/.cache -- Found dtc: C://ncs/v1.7.1/toolchain/opt/bin/dtc.exe (found suitable version "1.4.7", minimum required is "1.4.6") -- Found toolchain: gnuarmemb (c://ncs/v1.7.1/toolchain/opt) -- Found BOARD.dts: C://GitHub/b-parasite/code/nrf-connect/prstlib/boards/arm/bparasite_nrf52833/bparasite_nrf52833.dts -- Found devicetree overlay: C://GitHub/b-parasite/code/nrf-connect/prstlib/boards/arm/bparasite_nrf52833/bparasite_nrf52833_1_2_0.overlay Error: bparasite_nrf52833.dts.pre.tmp:371.13-14 syntax error FATAL ERROR: Unable to parse input tree CMake Error at C://ncs/v1.7.1/zephyr/cmake/dts.cmake:219 (message): command failed with return code: 1 Call Stack (most recent call first): C://ncs/v1.7.1/zephyr/cmake/app/boilerplate.cmake:553 (include) C://ncs/v1.7.1/zephyr/share/zephyr-package/cmake/ZephyrConfig.cmake:24 (include) C://ncs/v1.7.1/zephyr/share/zephyr-package/cmake/ZephyrConfig.cmake:40 (include_boilerplate) CMakeLists.txt:7 (find_package)

    -- Configuring incomplete, errors occurred! FATAL ERROR: command exited with status 1: 'c:<removed>\ncs\v1.7.1\toolchain\opt\bin\cmake.EXE' '-DWEST_PYTHON=c:<removed>\ncs\v1.7.1\toolchain\opt\bin\python.exe' '-Bc:<removed>\GitHub\b-parasite\code\nrf-connect\samples\ble\build' '-Sc:<removed>\GitHub\b-parasite\code\nrf-connect\samples\ble' -GNinja

    • The terminal process terminated with exit code: 1.
    • Terminal will be reused by tasks, press any key to close it.
    opened by JoelWise 7
  • How to program

    How to program

    Hi, Can anyone help me how to program them? I already assembled a few, but I have no idea how to compile the firmware. The readme not much of a help. I will use the E73 2g4m08s1e version chip, and I have Arduino ide. Thanks in advance

    opened by kenny00111 7
  • zigbee-herdsman converter for Zigbee sample to work out-of-the-box in Zigbee2MQTT and IoBroker

    zigbee-herdsman converter for Zigbee sample to work out-of-the-box in Zigbee2MQTT and IoBroker

    zigbee-herdsman converter for sample based b-parasite Zigbee devices to work out-of-the-box in Zigbee2MQTT and IoBroker:

    https://github.com/rbaron/b-parasite/tree/main/code/nrf-connect/samples/zigbee

    As per the initial Zigbee sample pull request:

    https://github.com/rbaron/b-parasite/pull/81

    https://github.com/rbaron/b-parasite/tree/main/code/nrf-connect/samples/zigbee

    The b-parasite.js file in this PR contains a converter that can be installed to Zigbee2MQTT to support this sample. See "Support new devices" for instructions.

    https://www.zigbee2mqtt.io/advanced/support-new-devices/01_support_new_devices.html

    Will anyone submit that b-parasite.js converter file as a pull request to zigbee-herdsman-converters repo for inclusion by default?

    https://github.com/Koenkk/zigbee-herdsman-converters

    opened by Hedda 0
  • Feature request of a Matter standard over Thread (Project CHIP) firmware image for b-parasite

    Feature request of a Matter standard over Thread (Project CHIP) firmware image for b-parasite

    I like to request an optional Matter over Thread firmware image for b-parasite as optional alternative to Bluetooth and Zigbee FW.

    https://csa-iot.org/all-solutions/matter/

    Battery-operated b-parasite device based on Nordic Semiconducor's nRF52840 radio module should be a SED ("Sleepy End Device") or SSED ("Synchronized Sleepy End Device") device on your Thread network.

    https://openthread.io/guides/thread-primer/node-roles-and-types#device_types

    • Sleepy End Device (SED) = SED is usually off and wakes occasionally to receive messages from its parent.
    • Synchronized Sleepy End Device (SSED) = SSED is an enhanced SED. It transmits less data than SED and relies on receiving messages from its parent only in specified time intervals.

    https://developer.nordicsemi.com/nRF_Connect_SDK/doc/latest/nrf/ug_thread_commissioning.html#thread-ot-device-types

    To add Matter devices over Thread, users will a Thread Border Router (e.g. OpenThread USB radio dongle) and a Matter controller.

    https://www.theverge.com/22832127/matter-smart-home-products-thread-wifi-explainer

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_(standard)

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_(network_protocol)

    FYI, since the new Matter standard (including Matter over Thread protocol) also relies on the same ZCL (Zigbee Cluster Library specification) for device clusters and attributes as the very latest revision of the Zigbee 3.0 specification, it, in theory, should mean that so as long as try to strictly adhere to cluster and attribute standard with the official Zigbee Cluster Library (R8) and Zigbee PRO 2017 (R22) Protocol Specification then should, again, in theory, an application made for Zigbee should also be compatibility to build a matching firmware for the Matter standard over Thread protocol:

    Nordic Semi nRF52840 SoC b-parasite use already supported Thread protocol and now applications for the new Matter standard:

    https://www.nordicsemi.com/products/matter

    https://developer.nordicsemi.com/nRF_Connect_SDK/doc/latest/nrf/ug_thread_commissioning.html#thread-ot-device-types

    https://developer.nordicsemi.com/nRF_Connect_SDK/doc/latest/nrf/samples/samples_matter.html

    https://developer.nordicsemi.com/nRF_Connect_SDK/doc/latest/nrf/samples/matter/template/README.html

    https://developer.nordicsemi.com/nRF_Connect_SDK/doc/latest/nrf/applications/matter_weather_station/README.html#matter-weather-station-app

    https://developer.nordicsemi.com/nRF_Connect_SDK/doc/latest/nrf/ug_matter_gs_adding_clusters.html#ug-matter-creating-accessory

    https://github.com/project-chip/connectedhomeip/tree/master/examples/all-clusters-app/nrfconnect

    https://github.com/project-chip/connectedhomeip/tree/master/examples/all-clusters-minimal-app/nrfconnect

    https://webinars.nordicsemi.com/developing-matter-10-products-with-5

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Ar13rMxGIk

    For reference also check out:

    https://github.com/project-chip/zap

    https://github.com/project-chip/connectedhomeip/tree/master/examples/ota-requestor-app/ota-requestor-common

    https://github.com/project-chip/connectedhomeip/tree/master/examples/common/QRCode

    https://github.com/project-chip/connectedhomeip/tree/master/examples/common/screen-framework

    PS: Home Assistant now support Matter and Thread via their new Home Assistant SkyConnect USB stick or Home Assistant Yellow:

    https://www.home-assistant.io/blog/2022/12/07/release-202212/

    https://www.crowdsupply.com/nabu-casa/home-assistant-yellow/updates/more-yellows-shipping-and-thread-plus-matter-updates

    https://www.home-assistant.io/integrations/matter/

    https://play.google.com/apps/testing/io.homeassistant.companion.android

    https://www.home-assistant.io/skyconnect/

    https://community.home-assistant.io/t/home-assistant-skyconnect-usb-stick-announced-will-be-compatible-with-both-zigbee-and-thread-including-matter-chip-over-thread/433594

    https://www.home-assistant.io/blog/2021/09/13/home-assistant-yellow/

    https://yellow.home-assistant.io/

    PPS: Others that will soon get support for Matter over Thread is the upcoming hubs from Athom Homey and Samsung SmartThings, as well as integrated Thread radios inside some Google Nest Hub / speakers (for Google Home) and Amazon Echo (for Amazon Alexa) which it is said that later hardware models will get updated firmware for Matter controller.

    opened by Hedda 6
  • Conformal Coating - Call for Contributors

    Conformal Coating - Call for Contributors

    I started collecting information about options of conformal coating into the new wiki page. It's very minimal but hopefully we can make it richer soon.

    I added the brand of acrylic coating I use, and I would love if more people shared what worked for them. Please consider sharing your successes and failures on this issue and I'll compile them into the wiki.

    Tks!

    community 
    opened by rbaron 2
  • Calibration

    Calibration

    Hi, let me start by thanking you for developing this sensor. Building it wasn't easy, but a fun experience overall.

    I have a question about the measured soil moisture. My sensors has reported values in the 20% area in the past, so I can confirm it's working in general. Since watering the plant, the value has gone up to 100%, and not gone down since (sensor is still working of course). The soil feels quite dry to me, so I would assume a value of 50% or something would be more adequate.

    Is there anything I can do to influence the calibration, or verify my sensor is working correctly? Is there a bring-up routine somewhere?

    opened by BeckmaR 1
  • 4 layer PCB version as alternative for coating

    4 layer PCB version as alternative for coating

    I'm very interested in this project. I have a couple of MiFlora's, but they have not proven to be reliable for me, so I'd like to try a different approach.

    I was wondering if any considerations or attempts have been made to use a 4 layer PCB instead. This would allow the copper pads for moisture measurement to be placed on the inner layers of the PCB, sandwiched between (bare) FR4. To me it seems more elegant and reliable option compared to using a coating spray, by mitigating the risk for corrosion. Of course the PCB will become a bit more expensive, but I think the benefits outweigh this.

    One concern I have is whether the measurement would be impacted by a change in the PCB layout. The capacitive coupling to the soil would become slightly different. Would there be any way to (re)calibrate such PCB layout to obtain the same performance as the original design?

    Note: a similar approach can be found here: https://github.com/diyruz/flower

    EDIT: I found some pointers on how to re-do the calibration for a different PCB layout.

    opened by nielsfaber 7
  • Wall moisture capacitance measurement?

    Wall moisture capacitance measurement?

    This is not an issue, but I wonder if I place the sensor on the wall, could it measure wall or at least wall surface moisture content?

    I know there multe wall humidity / moisture measurement method and devices, the basic ones are

    • resistance - with two prongs that is pretty much useless
    • capacitance - with ball at the end
    • microwave etc. I don't care really - super expensive devices, probably could be done somehow by mmwave sensors diy, but would require lot of research

    So when/if my test batch of assembled pcs arrive and i place them on the wall in different heights is it possible that they would give some reliable moisture measurement even if just one side is in contact with the wall?

    Even the air RH seems to be more accurate than the two prong meters.

    At first I wanted to order these sensors from JLCPCB as the first made to order HW experience, as the commercial sensing smart home solutions are unreliable and only ones working, at least for me, are hacked xiaomi BT TH sensors. But now I may have real use for this as I want to get rid of the moisture in walls of the 110+ years old house I'm attempting to fix. (the moisture is not much of an issue in the 110+ years old part of the house, but in the about 50 year old addition is crazy - like 0.8 meter of the wall from the ground is wet too the touch). So having actual data about how each attempted measure affects wall humidity would be awesome.

    opened by evlo 0
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null 3 May 29, 2022
nrf52832 nrf52810 ble keyboard firmware

BLEKeyboard nrf52832 nrf52810 ble keyboard firmware WHY Learm more about hardware design and engineering. WHAT Implement a full featured powerful and

Jason Zhou ε‘¨ζ­£ζ˜Œ 42 Dec 1, 2022
sc-ble-bridge is a utility that for every connected Steam Controller creates a virtual one acting as a bridge between SC and Steam

sc-ble-bridge The main goal of this utility is to provide workaround for steam-for-linux issue which makes Valve's Steam Controller unusable in BLE mo

null 5 Apr 19, 2022
WisBlock API takes care of all the LoRaWAN, BLE, AT command functionality

WisBlock-API Targeting low power consumption, this Arduino library for RAKwireless WisBlock Core modules takes care of all the LoRaWAN, BLE, AT comman

Bernd Giesecke 19 Dec 7, 2022